Antennas in Turkey

The population of Turkey is about 68 million. The gross national product per capita is about 6700 USD.

The number of registered cell phones is about 26 million. The service of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is provided by four operators Turkcell, Telsim, Aria, Aycell.

Transmission of TV programs began in the year 1968. There are 4 national public TV programs, 16 private TV programs, and 4 digital and SAT TV packages to chose from. In 1990 the government monopoly on TV programming broadcasting was crushed and from that moment on Turkey has been experiencing a real boom in the private TV sector.

The first broadcasting in Turkish started in 1990. Presently programs in Turkish are reaching all continents thanks to the satellite like Turksat 1C, Eutelsat W3, Eutelsat HotBird-6, Thaicom-3, Optus B3, PAS 8, Intelsat 907, Telstar 5

Internet services are still in their infancy - the number of the Internet users is about 4.4 million, in Poland about 8 million.

German radar stations during WWII

The base of FuMG-65 Würzburg-Riese radar station used by Luftwaffe in Wroclaw, Poland. The station belonged to Bischwitz radio engineering unit.

Among several solutions used by Germans the most popular was the "Himmelbett" radio system - consisted of two FuMG 65 "Würzburg-Riese" radars, Freya radar, and main Seeburg station.

The Freya radar had a maximum range of about 200 kilometers and was used for observation, in concert with two gun laying radars - "Würzburg-Riese", directing fighter squadrons at the arriving bombers.

The maximum range of FuMG 65 was 70 km. The radars were manufactured by Telefunken and equipped with antennas of 7.5m diameter. In total there were about 1500 such stations in Europe. Many of them were deployed in occupied Poland, mainly in the north and south.

In our times we can only encounter characteristic concrete foundations in hexagonal form. They were the bases for the metal constructions of FuMG 65 weighting nearly 20 tons. More informations you can find: http://weeklyreview.dipolnet.com/inf_dipo_2008_06.htm

In Poland there were more than 100 Luftwaffe radio stations, in Europe there were more than 1500 radio stations. There is a picture on the page: http://weeklyreview.dipolnet.com/inf_dipo_2008_06.htm that shows Kozieglowy in Silesia, Poland. The concrete base for German radar - Luftwaffe FuMG-65 Würzburg-Riese.

The hierarchy of radar stations had three levels: Stellung 1. Ordnung, Stellung 2. Ordnung, Stellung 3. Ordnung. Stations with the priority 1. Ordnung had to collect informations from 2. and 3. Ordnung.

The first mention of radar on the Isle of Wight took place in September 1935,

In June 1937, radar was ready for use as a weapon of war. In July the Dover Chain Home station in July 1937 was open.

Between 1940 and 1942, Britain had to find out exactly how far advanced German radar was, and so at Bruneval in France a raid was planned on the German radar installation.

The real raid on Bruneval on 17 February in 1942 was a real success.

Mobile World Congress - Barcelona 2008

Power of technology. The congress was held between February 11 and 14, organized by GSM Association (GSMA).

In Barcelona there were 1 290 companie about 55 000 visitors saw their stands. The audience that took part in the accompanying conferences was estimated at 8 000 people.
So high interest in this technology arises out of the scale of the market. Enormous investments and mass market encourage manufacturers, scientists, and marketing specialists to develop new and improved products.

This year the interest focused on LTE technology (Long Term Evolution). It is the newly adopted standard (January 2008). It should be commercially launched on the market in 2009, and able to compete even with fiber-optic technology (in mass-market applications). It is possible due to practical transfers ca 100 Mbps (theoretical limits reach 300 Mbps!).

Analyzing the market potential of various technologies or services according to the number of conferences, the most promising areas seem to be payments via mobile phones and mobile TV.

There were given Global Mobile Awards for the products connected with mobile technologies listed below:

* Best mobile handset/device: SonyEricsson for W910 Walkman Phone and 3UK for 3 Skypephone, the first GSM mobile that supports Skype;
* RAD Data Communications - for LA-130 Cell Gateway, linking wired and mobile systems;
* Airtel - for mChek service providing access via mobile phone to credit cards and bank accounts, including operations, after entering 6-digit PIN (application of USSD capability - Unstructured Supplementary Service Data).

USSD is instant messaging type phone service, not employing SMSC (Short Message Service Center), used for example to query the available balance, to recharge the credit etc. in pre-paid GSM services. The function of a code depends on what kind of services the operator has made available.

Leonardo da Vinci

While performing some routine conservation works in the Czartorysky Museum in Cracow, a group of experts of the Historical Artifact and Relic Preservation Organization have discovered some images that were hidden in one of the paintings by Leonardo da Vinci. As it is a well-known fact, this genius invented the bicycle, helicopter, and even submarine. Now, it turns out that the "antennology" has finally found its forefather too, and its history is much longer than previously believed. A commission composed of art historians has decided to restore the picture back to its familiar motif so that it could look like before the conservation work. If that hadn't been done, the cost of renaming the painting from "Lady with an Ermine" to "Lady with an Antenna" in all art books and art guides would have outgrown the budget of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage. However, we've managed to take this unique photo. :-)))

Winter

The highest free standing tower (without ropes)

N.C. Tower, Toronto
built in 1976, 553.33 m

Basic informations about WLAN

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) means technology which allows to build wireless data networks with satisfactory parameters and quite large ranges of operation at a low cost.

Potentiality of WLANs

• wireless access to local network in home, office etc.
• wireless access to the Net in public space: airports, stations, cafes etc. (hot-spot)
• wireless point-to-point links (connecting LAN networks, telemetry, remote control, remote monitoring)
• wireless access to the Internet (both in cities and in the country)
• emergency communications link (duplication of wired network)

WLAN standards

• 802.11a - in 5 GHz band, transfer rate up to 54 Mbps
• 802.11b - in 2.4 GHz band, transfer rate up to 11 Mbps
• 802.11g - in 2.4 GHz band, transfer rate up to 54 Mbps

However, there are also used other standards:

• 802.11f - IAPP - Inter Access Point Protocol - for cooperation between access points
• 802.11i - standard defining new security methods in wireless networks
• 802.11n - standard for transmitting multimedia in homes using MIMO technology, up to 300 Mbps
• 802.11e - standard defining QoS - support for high quality of services
• 802.16 - WiMax standard for backbone networks of high capacity

Wireless network range

It should be realized that the range of a wireless network depends on many factors; we can have an influence on some of them and the rest is unknown. The range of wireless network depends on:

1. Factors related to used devices:

• output power (it has been decided by the manufacturer)
• cable attenuation (depends on the cable and its length)
• gain of antennas (given by the manufacturer)
• sensitivity of devices (given by the manufacturer)

2. External factors:

• attenuation between antennas (can be estimated basing on FSL model)
• interferences from other devices (can't be predicted - some additional margin of safety needs to be provided to compensate these interferences)
• influence of physical barriers (walls, trees)

Propagation of radio waves

Fresnel zone - Fresnel zone is one of the most important conceptions connected with propagation of electromagnetic waves, which is indispensable to assess parameters of wireless link. It is the area actively participating in transmission of radio signal energy. Shape of this area is an ellipse in longitudinal section, and circle in cross-section. Radius of this circle is a function of the ratio of distances between antennas - it has the maximum value in the middle of the link. The importance of first Fresnel zone comes from the fact that almost all energy of the signal is conveyed via this space.

Wi-Fi in single-family house

The user who has Internet connection in single-family house, usually would like to have possibility of using the Internet in various parts of the home or even in its close surroundings like garage or garden. To reach that goal, the perfect solution is use of a wireless network (WLAN) operating in 802.11b/g standard.

In the case of difficulty with building cable installation, the wireless network can also solve the problem with connection of a greater number of household computers to the global network. Depending on the way of providing the Internet to the house, there may be used different variants of installations.

I - Internet provided by cable television operator via cable modem with Ethernet output, or by local ISP using Ethernet cable.

II - Internet access via ADSL technology.

III - Internet provided wirelessly with the use of the set: directional antenna and wireless card in the computer. At least two devices have to be used. Firstly, we have to connect access point working in AP Client mode to a directional antenna.

IV - wireless access. Some Access Points have been fitted with a very useful function named Wireless Routing Client, which enables us to configure wireless port as WAN port that is normally found in any router.

It means that the wireless connection can be shared with built-in router by its LAN ports. The advantage of such configuration is compactness - one piece of equipment that performs the role of two devices. The solution allows to create our own configurable subnetwork that can be well protected from unauthorized access.

Telecommunication trade fair in Europe

1. Germany

• ANGA cable trade fair: 27 - 29 May 2008, Cologne
• CeBIT: 4 - 9 March 2008, Hannover
• IFA: 29 August - 3 September 2008, Berlin

2. Poland

• ALARM Video Surveillance Conference and Exhibition: 5 - 6 November 2008, Kielce
• Intertelecom Fair of Electronic Communication: 8 - 10 April 2008, Lodz
  
• SatKrak Satellite Fair: 18 - 20 Octobre 2008, Krakow (Cracow)
  
• Securex International Security Exhibition: 22 - 25 April 2008, Poznan

3. England

• IFSEC: 12 - 15 May 2008, Birmingham

4. Spain

• 3GSM World Congress, mobile event: 11 - 14 February 2008, Barcelona

5. Belgium

• ECOC Optical Communication Event: 21 - 25 September 2008, Brussels

6. France

• Communication over IP VOIP Expo: 15 - 16 April 2008, Paris la Défense
• MtoM The Machine to Machine Show: 1 - 3 April 2008, Paris la Defense
• RF & HYPER EUROPE: 30 September - 2 October 2008, Paris

7. Georgia

• Georgia Tel, Georgian International Exhibition Telecommunications and Information Technologies: 22 - 24 May 2008, Tbilisi

How to set OSD cameras?

Application of DSP (Digital Signal Processor) allows to enhance the array of cameras adjustments, without limitations of the previous mechanical switches and potentiometers. The cameras are usually configured through the OSD (On Screen Display) menu. In field conditions it is indispensable to employ a mobile monitor.

If you are looking for more useful informations about telecommunications I recommend Weekly Newsletter: www.dipolnet.com/inf_dipo.htm

Professional protection of antenna system and receiving equipment

Even when the weather forecasts indicate a probability of thunderstorms, not many people think of the risk for their equipment nor take the simplest precautions like pulling out the antenna plug. In many cases some parts of the system cannot be easily disconnected, being placed in closed installation boxes, e.g. head ends, multiswitches or simply - mounted on the ceiling or high on the wall (modern flat panels).

The problems can be solved by application of well-proven surge protector (e.g. Signal). Using the device the installer demonstrates his professionalism and a real care for the customer's money - its price makes only a small fraction of the cost of possible damage caused by a storm. The device can be operated in the whole TV/SAT frequency range. It can take over surges up to 8000 A.

One of the most beautiful domes in the world and broken antennas...

The characteristic form and Arabic ornaments - somewhere in the Middle East, but what about the snow in the picture? So, where has this picture been taken?

The temple on Mount Moriah - or - Temple Mount (Al-Haram al-Sharif), recognized as one of the greatest works of Islamic architecture.

Raised on the rock where, according to the Bible, Abraham was ready to offer his only son Isaac to God as a sacrifice. According to Koran, it was the firstborn son Ishmael, the father of all Arabs. It is also believed that from the rock Muhammad ascended to the sky where he met all the prophets who had preceded him, witnessed paradise and hell, and saw God.

Jerusalem - Dome of the Rock.
In January 2008, after two days of snowfall, Jerusalem was completely snowbound.

IP cameras in high-tech industrial plant

http://weeklyreview.dipolnet.com/nf_dipo_2008_05.htm

Chunghwa Picture Tubes Ltd. (CPT) is one of the world's largest manufacturers of picture tubes and LCD screens. To monitor the whole plant, the company has decided to implement fixed IP cameras ACM-1431 IR from ACTi and dedicated ACTi NVR software package. The backbone network is based on optical fiber, the local connections are made with UTP cables. The cameras and active devices are powered with PoE technology.

The NVR server is also under video surveillance. The staff of the managing center as well as of some other sections have access to the live resources and archives according to their access privileges.
ACM-1431 is a compact day/ night camera with integrated IR illuminator. The ACTi NVR software package allows to record 64 channels (total: 1920 fps at D1).

Coaxial cable of the year 2007

"Triset" family of coaxial cables gained the "Product of the Year" award during SatKrak exhibition which took place in Krakow, October 18-20, 2007. DIPOL company got the prize in the "Best Accessories" category.

Distribution cables have to ensure higher quality of transmission because of transition towards HDTV standards. The main requirements for modern coaxial cables include perfect transmission parameters, such as shielding effectiveness (protection against external interferences).

Triset cable family belongs to the group of distribution cables that features the best screening efficiency in the market. It practically eliminates the negative influence of common electromagnetic fields on the signal quality. The cables also have low attenuation. Triset family includes cables:

• PVC for indoor installations
• PE, gel-filled cable for outdoor applications
• HF, halogen-free
  
• PE and HF
  

Multiswitch system for demanding users

Most of implemented multiswitch systems enable the users to receive programs from one or two satellites. There are situations where the contracting party (building developer, owner of a hotel etc.) wants to ensure access to more satellite positions.

Signal multiswitches allow to distribute programs from four satellites. Apart commonly used Hotbird and Astra, they can provide broadcasts e.g. from Sirius (Russian programs) and Hispasat (Spanish pr, tv-satograms). Such installation in apartment building does not increase significantly the total cost and improves the standards, especially when foreigners make a certain part of the residents or guests.

Here you can see a schedule.

Kilobytes, kilobits - the old problems with nomenclature

The units for measuring data transmission speed seem to be often being confused. Many people do not distinguish between Kb/s and KB/s, kb/s and Kb/s. To clarify the problem we explain the rules of nomenclature for these units:

• k 10³, "kilo", 1000 units
• K 2¹⁰, 1024 units (the prefix commonly used in the field of computing, corresponding with binary systems)
• b bit, the smallest unit of information, 0 or 1
• B byte, group of eight binary digits, capable of representing 2⁸ (256) states

so,

• kb/s 1000 bits per second (1000 b/s or 1000 bps)
• Kb/s 1024 bits per second (1024 b/s or 1000 bps)
• kB/s 1000 bytes per second (8000 b/s or 8000 bps)
• KB/s 1024 bytes per second (8192 b/s or 8192 bps)

Tips for TV-Sat installations

Development of television and telecommunications techniques promotes quick spreading of modern antenna installations just like in the past the common use of electric devices extorted careful designing of electric installations.

Some advice for all who would like to do such installation:

1.Place and way of mounting the antennas

Most of damages in antenna installations are the result of collapse of improperly fixed mast or breaking badly laid cable lines. Nowadays, the most popular solution is clamping the antenna mast to a chimney. Masts can also be fixed with wall brackets. Satellite dishes are usually fastened on separate masts. Antenna cable should enter a building already on the roof.
A WLAN antenna has to be mounted the way guarantying mutual visibility with the counterpart (usually of the Internet provider).

2. Kind of installation (pass-through, star-shaped, mixed)

Currently the pass-through installations are not preferred, especially in larger systems. Star installations are more universal and more resistant to interferences induced by connected receivers. They are used both for distributing terrestrial and satellite programs (multiswitch installations).

3. The Method of laying cables
In new office blocks and even apartment buildings cable trays become more and more popular solution for placing electrical, computer, telecommunications and RF installations.

There should be planned main vertical conduit from the basement to the attic, with possibility of leading branches on every floor. Such layout will allow to implement modern installations, change location of main devices etc. It is not recommended to lay unprotected cables just under the plaster. Each cable has limited life and can also be accidentally damaged (e.g. when drilling holes in the wall). The exchange would be extremely difficult.

If the installation is to be laid traditionally, conduit tubes should be applied.

More informations: http://www.dipolnet.com/some_tips_and_hints_dodatek.htm